Moderate+Arab+Leaders5

<- its not the whole thing, just a few slides -Molly

Good Stuff on Egypt

The Zionist State does not want **peace**, nor does it plan to accept any **peace** settlement. The nature of its position at the heart of the Arab body makes it feel like a strange organ doomed to be rejected sooner or later. The Zionists believe that the only way the Arabs would accept a Zionist state in their midst is if they had no choice. Therefore, **Israel** believes that the only type of **peace** it could accept should be based on total Arab surrender. Moreover, the only security that matters to **Israel** is its own and it believes that security could only be attained by achieving total military superiority and domination in the region.

All the **peace** talks and rounds of negotiations held so far with the Arabs are nothing but temporary stages, from the Israeli point of view. The Zionists only agreed to engage in such **peace** talks because they wished to appease the western countries that created their state in order to get rid of them at the expense of **Palestine** and its Arab population. Therefore, there will never be any real **peace** talks between the Arabs and **Israel**. From the Israeli point of view, there could only be steps to consolidate the Jewish State's hegemony in the region. Their alleged desire to normalize **relations** with the Arabs, their espionage activities and their attempts to achieve economic domination in this region are known to all Egyptians and the rest of the Arabs from the Gulf to the Atlantic Ocean. However, the Arab governments continue to succumb to pressure, engage in negotiations and rush to normalize **relations** with **Israel**. What a loss!

The current incidents in Jerusalem represent a slap on the faces of all Arab regimes. Would the Arab summit conference called for by President Mubarak actually rise to the occasion? Will its resolutions rise to the level of the historic responsibility shouldered by the Arab leaders? Or will it be just another attempt to calm the enraged Arab people and halt their angry demonstrations?

Arab leaders could achieve so much without having to engage in a military confrontation with **Israel**. For instance, they could recall their ambassadors to **Israel** in protest, terminate all aspects of normalizing **relations** with Tel Aviv, threaten to halt oil sales to the western powers that back **Israel** and sever diplomatic ties with countries supporting the Judaization of Jerusalem, which is not only a Palestinian city, but an Arab one as well. It goes without saying that Arafat should not be left standing alone. Finally, the Arabs should support the resistance put up by the stone-throwing Palestinian people and consider the uprising a Palestinian duty in the face of Israeli occupation and arrogance.

The Arab leaders must realize that their consensus and unity in this confrontation are forms of courage that should be adopted in order to protect our Islamic and Christian holy places.

Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmad Abu-al-Ghayt has said there is nothing "in principle" to prevent President Mubarak from visiting **Israel**, adding that Mubarak will not hesitate to visit when he is confident the visit will help move the **peace** process forward. Commenting on Israeli officials' statements and reports on smuggling along the border between **Egypt** and Gaza Strip, Abu-al-Ghayt said the Egyptian-Israeli liaison committee was meeting regularly and discussing openly all instances of "real violations" and pointed out the committee was the most successful channel of communication on border issues.

The Egyptian president, [|Hosni Mubarak], gave a televised address to defend his decision not to open the border with Gaza except for humanitarian purposes. He derided “those who are seeking political gains at the expense of the [|Palestinian] people.”

"A historic settlement is within reach, one that would give the Palestinians their state and freedom from occupation while granting Israel recognition and security to live in peace" - Hosni Mubarak

Jordan- wants separation boarder destroyed

Camp Davids Accords peace treaty was concluded and Israel returned the Sinai desert to the Egyptians.

jordan- thinks the only way to reach peace and stability is by allowing Palestinians to establish an independent and viable Palestinian State

**Borders and Settlements**: Israeli Separation Barrier is illegal, threatens the creation of a Palestinian state, the peace process, and Jordan’s national security. (from the Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty) "The Agreement delimits the agreed international boundary between Israel and Jordan including territorial waters and airspace. This boundary is delimited with reference to the Mandate boundary and is shown on the maps attached to the agreement. The Agreement provides for some minor mutual border modifications which will enable Israeli farmers in the Arava to continue to cultivate their land. The Naharayim/Baqura Area and Zofar Area will fall under Jordanian sovereignty with Israeli private land use rights. These rights include unimpeded freedom of entry to, exit from and movement within the area. These areas are not subject to customs or immigration legislation. These rights will remain in force for 25 years and will be renewed automatically for the same period unless either country wishes to terminate the arrangement, in which case consultations will be taken."

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 * Security:** Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty states that both countries will refrain from acts of hostility and violence and take effective measures against terroristic attacks.

-the UN partition plan of 1947 was rejected by all Arab countries. - about 1 million Jewish refugees from Arab countries -Egypt had about 50,000 refugees. most displaced from the West Bank and Gaza Strip -Jordan is the only Arab nation who is willing to give refugees citizenship and allowing permanebt resettlement of Palestinian refugees -Arab leaders and media have unabashedly admitted that the refugee issue and right of return are being used as a means to destroy Israel. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser: "If the refugees return to Israel, Israel will cease to exist.” -Egpytian Foreign Minister, Muhammad Salah al-Din: "...in demanding the return of the Palestinian refugees, the Arabs mean their return as masters not slaves; or to put it quite clearly- the intention is the extermination of Israel."
 * Refugees:** Jordan is taking whatever action necessary to avoid another wave of Palestinian refugees. They already have a massive amount of Palestinian refugees. Another huge amount could lead to political instability in Jordan. they don't want the refugees.

-supports a two-state solution: which is the creation of an independent Palestinian State AND an independent Jewish state -By the end of the war, Jordan forces had control over the West Bank and East Jerusalem. On April 3, 1949, Israel and Jordan signed an Armistice Agreement. The main points included: -Jordanian forces remained in most positions they held in the West Bank, including Arab East Jerusalem, and the Old City -Jordan withdrew its forces from its front posts overlooking the Plain of Sharon. In return, Israel agreed to allow Jordanian forces to take over positions in the West Bank previously held by Iraqi forces.
 * Jerusalem- ** when the Jordanians occupied Jerusalem in 1948-1967, they never sought to make it their capital, and Arab leaders did not come to visit.


 * Compromises:** The Arab League (founded by Egypt) proposed the Arab Peace Initiative: main goal is to end Arab-Israeli conflict. they want to achieve this by normalizing relations between the entire Arab region and Israel, in exchange for a complete withdrawal from the occupied territories and a "just settlement" of the Palestinian refugees crisis based on UN Resolution 194 (recommends Israel and Arab states allow any refugees, Jewish or Arab, to come to their country and provide compensation for those who do not want to return to theirs)

Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty of 1994: []JERUSALEM: Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu heads to Egypt on Monday to secure Cairo's support over the Iranian nuclear drive, despite their deep differences on the Middle East peace process.

The hawkish premier will meet Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in the Red Sea resort of Sharm El-Sheikh on his first trip abroad since being sworn in on March 31.

The visit also comes just one week before Netanyahu heads to Washington to meet US President Barack Obama, who has vowed to vigorously pursue peacemaking in the Middle East.

Netanyahu will try to secure Egypt's support for Israeli efforts to halt arch-foe Iran's nuclear drive, which the premier said he considers the main threat now faced by the Jewish state.

"Netanyahu will tell Mubarak that Israel and the moderate Arab states should act together in the face of the common threat posed by Iran, which is trying to acquire nuclear weapons and interfere in the region," a senior official told AFP.

Israel, widely considered to be the Middle East's sole if undeclared nuclear armed state, suspects Iran of trying to develop atomic weapons under the guise of a civilian nuclear program, a charge Tehran has repeatedly denied.

"We both face common threats by Iran and its regional proxies. And we have common goals in strengthening regional stability and moving forward in the peace process," another senior official told AFP.

But Netanyahu's efforts are less than certain to succeed given the deep differences with Egypt on the Middle East peace process, which has been on ice since Israel's massive offensive on the Gaza Strip earlier this year.

Netanyahu has so far refused to publicly endorse the creation of a Palestinian state, a bedrock principle of international peace efforts to which Israel committed itself under the 2003 "roadmap" plan, saying that the Palestinian economy must improve before substantive talks on other issues.

Egypt has urged Netanyahu to clarify his stance on the two-state principle.

"It is important for the Israeli prime minister to express in a clear manner his acceptance of the principle of a two-state solution and the vital necessity of the creation of an independent Palestinian state," Foreign Minister Ahmed Aboul Gheit said last week.

The creation of a Palestinian state constitutes "the primary aim of all the efforts exerted and the real guarantee for security and peace in the region," he said.


 * Israeli-Egypt** ties have also been strained by Netanyahu's choice of foreign minister, the ultra-nationalist Avigdor Lieberman who last year said Mubarak could "go to hell" if he continued to refuse to visit the Jewish state.

Lieberman is not due to accompany Netanyahu on his trip to Sharm El-Sheikh, officials said.

The foreign minister has sparked international concern by saying the new cabinet was not bound by the US-backed decision by the previous government in November 2007 to relaunch negotiations with the Palestinians.

Netanyahu's trip to Egypt comes a week before he is due to meet Obama in Washington and to finally unveil his policy toward the Middle East peace process.

Netanyahu may also meet Jordanian King Abdullah II on Wednesday, officials said on Sunday.

In Egypt, Netanyahu and Mubarak are also expected to broach Cairo's efforts to broker a new ceasefire between Israel and the Islamist Hamas rulers of the Gaza Strip in the wake of Israel's devastating war in December-January. b hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
 * Stability**

Egypt is a key partner in the search for peace in the Middle East and resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Sadat's groundbreaking trip to Israel in 1977, the 1978 Camp David Accords, and the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty represented a fundamental shift in the politics of the region--from a strategy of confrontation to one of peace as a strategic choice. Egypt was subsequently ostracized by other Arab states and ejected from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989. Egypt played an important role in the negotiations leading to the Madrid Peace Conference in 1991, which, under U.S. and Russian sponsorship, brought together all parties in the region to discuss Middle East peace. This support has continued to the present, with President Mubarak often intervening personally to promote peace negotiations. In 1996, he hosted the Sharm El-Sheikh "Summit of the Peacemakers" attended by President Bill Clinton and other world leaders. In 2000, he hosted two summits at Sharm El-Sheikh and one at Taba in an effort to resume the Camp David negotiations suspended in July of 2000, and in June 2003, Mubarak hosted President George W. Bush for another summit on the Middle East peace process. Throughout mid-2004, Egypt worked closely with Israel and the Palestinian Authority to facilitate stability following Israel's withdrawal from Gaza, which occurred in August and September of 2005. Prior to this Egypt and Israel reached an agreement that allowed Egypt to deploy additional forces along the Philadelphi Corridor in an attempt to control the border and prevent the smuggling of weapons.\

From the Israeli side, there has been disappointment with failures to observe commitments of the treaty. Thus, High Court Justice [|Elyakim Rubinstein] commented, “The peace agreement with Jordan is not as warm as we would have liked.”[|[2]] In spite of the stipulations in [|article 7], there has been a growing boycott aginst Israel, including a cutting of imports of Jewish products from Judea and Samaria.[|[2]] [|Article 9] notwithstanding, there have been several instances of Jewish visitors being stopped at the Jordanian border for carrying religious items, such as [|tefillin].[|[2]]

[[|edit]] See also

 * Interdependence**

After summarizing the history of the conflict, it proposes that a long–term resolution of the conflict requires development of a transcendent identity for the two peoples that does not threaten the particularistic identity of each. The nature of the conflict, however, impedes the development of transcendent identity by creating a state of negative interdependence between the two identities such that asserting one group’s identity requires negating the identity of the other. The resulting threat to each group’s identity is further exacerbated by the fact that each side perceives the other as a source of some of its own negative identity elements, especially a view of the self as victim and as victimizer. The article concludes with a discussion of ways of overcoming the negative interdependence of the two identities by drawing on some or the positive elements in the relationship, most notably the positive interdependence between the two groups that exists in reality. Problem–solving workshops represent one setting for equal–status interactions that provide the parties the opportunity to "negotiate" their identities and to find ways of accommodating the identity of the other in their own identity.