Group+5

INCOMPLETE GRADE 7/10

Paste you information here about biomes and organize it into your group's chart.

Flora-//flora of an area or of time period//, refers to all plant life occurring in an area or time period, especially the naturally occurring or indigenous plant life

Tundra- a [|biome] where the [|tree] growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons.1,700 kinds of plants in the arctic and subarctic, and these include: low shrubs, sedges, reindeer mosses, liverworts, and grasses, 400 varieties of flowering plants, crustose and foliose [|lichen]. The growing seasons are short and most plants reproduce by budding and division rather than sexually by flowering. Herbivorous mammals include lemmings, voles, caribou, arctic hares and squirrels. Carnivorous mammals include arctic foxes, wolves, and polar bears. Migratory birds include ravens, snow buntings, falcons, loons, ravens, sandpipers, terns, snow birds, and various species of gulls. Insects include mosquitoes, flies, moths, grasshoppers, blackflies and arctic bumble bees. Artic fishes include cod, flatfish, salmon, and trout. The tundra is located near the north pole. The entire biome all looks extremely similar, and covers one-fifth of the worlds surface. This biome spans from Greenland to parts of Alaska, Canada and northern Russia. The latitudinal range is 75 degrees north to 60 degrees north.

Tropical savanna
 * Fauna.** The world's greatest diversity (over 40 different species) of ungulates (hoofed mammals) is found on the savannas of Africa. The antelopes are especially diverse and including eland, impalas, gazelles oryx, gerenuk, and kudu. Buffalo, wildebeest, plains zebra, rhinos, giraffes, elephants, and warthogs are among other herbivores of the African savanna. Up to sixteen grazing and browsing species may coexist in the same area. They divide the resources spatially and temporally; each having its own food preferences, grazing/browsing height, time of day or year to use a given area, and different dry season refugia.


 * Introduction.** Tropical savannas or grasslands are associated with the tropical wet and dry climate type (Koeppen's Aw), but they are not generally considered to be a climatic climax. Instead, savannas develop in regions where the climax community should be some form of seasonal forest or woodland, but edaphic conditions or disturbances prevent the establishment of those species of trees associated with the climax community. [|Seasonal forests of the tropics] are also widespread and vary along a latitudinal/moisture gradient between the tropical broadleaf evergreen forest of the equatorial zone and the deserts of the subtropics.


 * The vegetation.** Savannas are characterized by a continuous cover of perennial grasses, often 3 to 6 feet tall at maturity. They may or may not also have an open canopy of drought-resistant, fire-resistant, or browse-resistant trees, or they may have an open shrub layer. Distinction is made between tree or woodland savanna, park savanna, shrub savanna and grass savanna. Furthermore, savannas may be distinguished according to the dominant taxon in the tree layer: for example, palm savannas, pine savannas, and acacia savannas.
 * Climate.** A tropical wet and dry climate predominates in areas covered by savanna growth. Mean monthly temperatures are at or above 64° F and annual precipitation averages between 30 and 50 inches. For at least five months of the year, during the dry season, less than 4 inches a month are received. The dry season is associated with the low sun period.


 * Introduction.** Tropical savannas or grasslands are associated with the tropical wet and dry climate type (Koeppen's Aw), but they are not generally considered to be a climatic climax. Instead, savannas develop in regions where the climax community should be some form of seasonal forest or woodland, but edaphic conditions or disturbances prevent the establishment of those species of trees associated with the climax community. [|Seasonal forests of the tropics] are also widespread and vary along a latitudinal/moisture gradient between the tropical broadleaf evergreen forest of the equatorial zone and the deserts of the subtropics.


 * The vegetation.** Savannas are characterized by a continuous cover of perennial grasses, often 3 to 6 feet tall at maturity. They may or may not also have an open canopy of drought-resistant, fire-resistant, or browse-resistant trees, or they may have an open shrub layer. Distinction is made between tree or woodland savanna, park savanna, shrub savanna and grass savanna. Furthermore, savannas may be distinguished according to the dominant taxon in the tree layer: for example, palm savannas, pine savannas, and acacia savannas.
 * Climate.** A tropical wet and dry climate predominates in areas covered by savanna growth. Mean monthly temperatures are at or above 64° F and annual precipitation averages between 30 and 50 inches. For at least five months of the year, during the dry season, less than 4 inches a month are received. The dry season is associated with the low sun period.


 * Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests** are a [|temperate] and [|humid] [|biome]. The typical structure of these [|forests] include four layers. The upper most layer is the [|canopy] which is composed of tall mature [|trees]. Below the canopy is the three-layered, shade tolerant [|understory]. The top layer of the understory is the sub-canopy which is composed of smaller mature trees, [|saplings], and suppressed juveniles canopy layer trees awaiting an opening in the canopy. Below the sub-canopy is the [|shrub] layer, composed of low growing woody plants. Typically the lowest growing (and most [|diverse]) layer is the ground cover or [|herbaceous] layer.

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests occur in areas with distinct warm and cool season, which give it a moderate annual average temperature (5.5-15.6 [|Celsius]). These forests occur in relatively warm and rainy [|climates], sometimes also with a distinct [|dry season]. A dry season occurs in the [|winter] in [|East Asia] and in [|summer] on the wet fringe of the [|Mediterranean climate] zones. Other areas have a fairly even distribution of rainfall; annual rainfall is typically over 600 millimetres (24 inches) and often over 1500 millimetres (60 inches). Temperatures are typically moderate except in parts of [|Asia] such as [|Ussuriland] where temperate forests can occur despite very harsh conditions with very cold wint

Fauna-all of the [|animal] life of any particular region or time.

Desert- Basic Description: In its most typical form, the desert consists of **[|shrub]** covered land where the plants are spatially quite dispersed World Location: In general, the major desert biomes of the Earth are geographically found at between 25 to 40° North and South latitude, in the interiors of continents Dominant plants include drought resistant shrubs like the Creosote Bu sh (__Larrea__ __divaricata__) and Sagebrush (__Artemisia__ __tridentata__), w ater storing **[|succulents]** like cactus (**Figure 9k-6**), and many species are short lived **[|annuals]** that complete their life cycles during infrequent and short rainy periods. Desert habitats can be devoid of vegetation if precipitation is in very short supply Most desert **[|mammals]** tend to be nocturnal to avoid the high temperatures. Desert habitats have a rich lizard and snake fauna because high temperatures promote the success of cold blooded life forms (**Figure 9k-8**).

Chaparral or Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub is a temperate biome, characterized by hot-dry summers and mild and rainy winters. Nearly all of the rainfall occurs in the winter and spring rainy season. Vegetation types can range from forests to woodlands, savannas, shrublands, and grasslands; "mosaic" landscapes are common, where differing vegetation types are interleaved with one another in complex patterns created by variations in soils, topography, exposure to wind and sun, and fire history

Southwest Australia savanna Australia Southwest Australia woodlands Australia

Vegetation:** This biome has very characteric trees. Dominant trees in the tiaga are Needleleaf, coniferous (gymnosperm) trees. From a biodiversity standpoint, there is little diversity in the main trees. The four main genera found are: the evergreen spruce (//Picea//), fir (//Abies//), and pine (//Pinus//), and the deciduous larch or tamarack (//Larix//). In North America, one or two species of fir and one or two species of spruce are dominant. Across Scandanavia and western Russia the Scots pine is a common component of the taiga.
 * TAIGA

The boreal forest (also known as the //taiga//, a russian word meaning swampy moist forest) is found in a nearly continuous belt across North America and Eurasia. Most of Canada and Russia are covered by coniferous trees that make up this biome. This biome is defined mainly by the trees that compose it. The climax trees are furs, spruces and pines. Subclimax plant communities may have deciduous trees like larch, tamarack and birch. Much of the zone that this biome covers was formerly glaciated. Today large sections have permenent permafrost.

The taiga is home to a number of large [|herbivorous] [|mammals] and smaller [|rodents]. These animals have also adapted to survive the harsh climate. Some of the larger mammals, such as [|bears], eat during the summer in order to gain weight and then go into [|hibernation] during the winter. Other animals have adapted layers of fur or feathers to insulate them from the cold. A number of wildlife species threatened or endangered with extinction can be found in the Canadian Boreal forest including [|woodland caribou], [|American black bear], [|grizzly bear] and [|wolverine]. Habitat loss due to destructive development, mostly in the form of logging, is the main cause of decline for these species. Due to the climate, [|carnivorous] diets are an inefficient means of obtaining energy; energy is limited, and most energy is lost between [|trophic levels]. However, [|predatory] birds ([|owls] and [|eagles]) and other smaller carnivores, including [|foxes] and [|weasels], feed on the rodents. Larger carnivores, such as [|lynx] and [|wolves], prey on the larger animals. [|Omnivores], such as [|bears] and [|raccoons] are fairly common, sometimes picking through human garbage. A considerable number of [|birds] such as [|Siberian Thrush], [|White-throated Sparrow] and [|Black-throated Green Warbler], [|migrate] to this [|habitat] to take advantage of the long summer days and abundance of [|insects] found around the numerous bogs and lakes. Of the perhaps 300 species of birds that summer in the taiga, only 30 stay for the winter.[|[9]] These are either [|carrion]-feeding or large [|raptors] that can take live mammal prey, including [|Golden Eagle], [|Rough-legged Buzzard], and [|Raven], or else seed-eating birds, including several species of [|grouse] and [|crossbills].

Description: mainly flat, continuous areas of grass. Fauna: The Bison, the Pocket Gofer, the Prairie Dog, and the Ground Squirrel. Floura: Mostly made up of different types of grass; Leguminosae--the sunflower and pea families Location: The Great Plains in North America, the pampas of South America, and surrounding the Australian Deserts.
 * __The Grassland__**

** World Bioregions/Biomes ** What is __flora__? The // flora of an area or of time period //, refers to all plant life occurring in an area or time period, especially the naturally occurring or indigenous plant life. What is __fauna__? all of the animal life of any particular region or time. Southwest Australia woodlands Australia ||
 * Biome** -- a grouping of the world’s flora and fauna into a large ecological province or region; also referred to as bioregion
 * ** Biome ** || Basic Description || Types of flora || Types of Fauna || World Location ||
 * 1)Forests- || XXXX || XXXX || XXXX || XXXX ||
 * A) Rain Forest || || || || ||
 * B) Broadleaf /mixed broadleaf &  coniferous || temperate and humid biome || || || ||
 * C) Coniferous (Taiga) || || the evergreen spruce (// Picea //), fir (// Abies //), and pine (// Pinus //), and the deciduous larch or tamarack (// Larix //). || || North America and Eurasia. Most of Canada and Russia ||
 * 2) Mediterranean woodland, shrub & grassland || a temperate biome, characterized by hot-dry summers and mild and rainy winters. Nearly all of the rainfall occurs in the winter and spring rainy season. || woodlands, savannas, shrublands, and grasslands; "mosaic" landscapes are common || || Southwest Australia savanna Australia,
 * 3) Tropical Savanna, mixed grassland & woodland || tropical wet and dry climate type, but they are not generally considered to be a climatic climax || palm savannas, pine savannas, and acacia savanna, savanna, park savanna, shrub savanna and grass savanna. || eland, impalas, gazelles Oryx, Buffalo, wildebeest, plains zebra, rhinos, giraffes, elephants || ||
 * 4) Prairie & steppe grassland || mainly flat, continuous areas of grass || Mostly made up of different types of grass; Leguminosae--the sunflower and pea families || The Bison, the Pocket Gofer, the Prairie Dog, and the Ground Squirrel. || The Great Plains in North America, the pampas of South America, and surrounding the Australian Deserts. ||
 * 5) Desert shrub || the desert consists of ** shrub ** covered land where the plants are spatially quite dispersed || drought resistant shrubs like the Creosote Bu sh (__Larrea__ __divaricata__) and Sagebrush (__Artemisia__ __tridentata__), w ater storing ** succulents ** like cactus || a rich lizard and snake fauna because high temperatures promote the success of cold blooded life forms || In general, the major desert biomes of the Earth are geographically found at between 25 to 40° North and South latitude, in the interiors of continents ||
 * 6)Tundra (Alpine)- || a biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons || low shrubs, sedges, reindeer mosses, liverworts, and grasses || voles, caribou, arctic hares, arctic foxes, wolves, ravens, sandpipers, terns, snow birds, || near the north pole, spans from Greenland to parts of Alaska, Canada and northern Russia. The latitudinal range is 75 degrees north to 60 degrees north. ||